The arguments for human surrogacy Essay Example for Free

The contentions for human surrogacy Essay Regarding both strict and moral perspectives, clarify the contentions for human surrogacy. [35] Surrogacy is the point at which a lady conveys a kid in the interest of another person. There are four expansive sorts of surrogacy: halfway, full, business and willful. Incomplete surrogacy happens when the proxy mother gives her egg which is treated either in vitro and set through manual semen injection into the belly or she is misleadingly inseminated by the planned father’s sperm. Just in exceptionally uncommon cases would sex occur. Full surrogacy happens when the proposed guardians give egg and sperm. Now and again a benefactor sperm/egg might be utilized. Business surrogacy alludes to courses of action whereby a lady is contracted and paid to be a proxy mother and to convey an infant to the proposed guardians; in numerous nations this is illicit. Deliberate or unselfish surrogacy alludes to a substitute course of action where the proxy mother intentionally offers to hold up under a kid for another couple yet not for business gain. Surrogacy of any sort raises numerous strict and moral issues. In looking at reasons why individuals might be agreeable to surrogacy, a decent spot to begin is the Christian view. Surrogacy will in general be bolstered by liberal divisions, for example, the United Methodist Church in America. Surrogacy could be a manner by which a barren couple could satisfy the Biblical order to, â€Å"be productive and multiply.† Children can contend a marriage and are a blessing from God. Surrogacy could be a demonstration of huge sympathy and caring assistance, in accordance with the educating of Jesus: â€Å"When he saw the groups, he had empathy for them,† Matthew 9:36. Intentional or selfless surrogacy alludes to a proxy course of action where the substitute mother willfully offers to hold up under a kid for another couple however not for business gain. Her intentions could be out of affection or good cause or self-satisfaction. The account of Abraham and Hagar is a Biblical case of surrogacy, in spite of the fact that it doesn't really overlook or advance the training. Christian and mainstream utilitarians the same help surrogacy. Utilitarians accept that man wants to repeat situated in human science. The Utilitarian wishes to amplify joy and limit the torment of barrenness. Since effective surrogacy will bring a colossal measure of bliss. When considering issues, for example, fruitlessness we should not take a gander at it in generic, philosophical terms. It is a difficult that must be genuinely comprehended at human level. Those that have never endured barrenness won't have a clue about the genuine torment these scholars are in concurrence with such medicines. On account of a barren couple the utilitarian will take a gander at the choices accessible and endeavor towards to objective of origination. To cite Laura Bush, â€Å"For the individuals who profoundly need youngsters and are denied them, those missing infants drift like quiet transient shadows over their lives.† Advocates of circumstance morals likewise would bolster surrogacy, contingent upon the conditions. This hypothesis is supportive of regenerative innovation in the event that it is the most adoring game-plan in the specific circumstance. It isn't absolutist. This hypothesis says that singular circumstances are extraordinary. This hypothesis accepts that there is just a single basic standard: you do whatever is the most cherishing activity in a circumstance. Moral principles are auxiliary. In the conditions of a barren couple you make the line of move which will be the most adoring thing for a couple in their one of a kind conditions. Besides, surrogacy is an issue of individual self-governance and conceptive opportunity. To an enormous degree in the western world there has been a convention of giving couples the opportunity to settle on their own choices about childbearing and childrearing. The family has verifiably been a spot with a privilege to protection and past the intercession of governments. Somewhat this has changed with the presentation of counterfeit types of proliferation for example IVF treatment. On the off chance that a couple profoundly wants kids, it ought not be the government’s job to mention to them what they should or shouldn't do. It could be contended that parenthood is a human right, in light of the fact that as indicated by the UNHRD: â€Å"Parents have the elite option to decide uninhibitedly and dependably the number and dispersing of their children.† Humans have individual sway, which is to be liberated from the control or intimidation of others. In this way they ought to be permitted to settle on their own choices about their families. All things considered, as a rule a proxy youngster is a needed kid whose guardians are set up to go to outrageous lengths to make them recommend, that they will make generally excellent guardians. This by itself could be sufficient to legitimize the training. Surrogacy is commonly bolstered inside the gay network, since it empowers same sex couples to become guardians through the presentation of an outsider. At last, surrogacy makes us reevaluate our perspectives on family, marriage, sex and what makes a mother. Despite our perspectives, we ought to be sympathetic towards those experiencing the impacts of fruitlessness. You can't comprehend their circumstance except if you have encountered it by and by. To cite Elayne Boosler, â€Å"The Vatican is against proxy moms. Beneficial thing they didnt have that standard when Jesus was born.†

Salem Witch Trials Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Salem Witch Trials - Coursework Example finished rights, the prison states of charged were nevertheless unforgiving, with the blamed witches regularly tied for quite a long time inside virus overwhelmed, noxious cells; as a result, driving numerous guiltless detainees to acknowledged their discipline for offenses they knew little about.2 Those who endeavored to escape would quickly be executed when gotten. The assessments for proof were mortifying, best case scenario, for the charged were regularly stripped bare and tormented considerably more to admit. The informers were nevertheless a segment of the puritans with solid convictions in the presence of devilish sprits and the related power over each awful thing throughout everyday life; and was the situation when their kids started acting in opposition to their doctrinal convictions, prompting the Salem black magic allegations. The charged witches were taken before selected justices, actually addressed, with their informers showing up in the courts in a great showcase of verbally abusing shouts and squirming of the alleged evil soul had little youngsters, which to the incredulity of many, were the finished proof in the preliminaries. Confidence in the threats of heavenly powers had for some time been developed by the network, and that the difficulties, for example, the eventual outcomes of the wars, smallpox pestilence, among different clashes also the taking off crime percentages just established the stewing strains and

Work of the Week! Carol Richmond Writing

Work of the Week! Carol Richmond Writing Ever since I took on the role of Ebenezer Scrooge in our schools 6th grade Christmas play, Ive wondered about the term carol. The only other instance of the word had been a proper name, usually female. When meant as a song, usage can be traced as far back by the OED to the 14th Century. For a song specifically for Christmas, the oldest recorded usage there is the 16th. By the time Dickens wrote his tale, I suppose other uses of the word had become rare. Like the novelist, however, we still employ the adjective Christmas before the noun, a redundancy; there are no Thanksgiving carols or Valentines Day carols, after all. Some of us even go caroling, and we do not modify the gerund at all. As to its origins, our word of the week harkens back to the Middle English karol and the Old French  carole. The latter apparently signified a round dance with singing. Incidentally, hark, a verb for listen that we tend to only use in a particular carol, itself comes from Middle English. We trot out the language of Chaucer for special occasions, or even older words such as last years pick, Yule.   Think about it for a moment: when have you used the word herald, as a noun or verb, save in reference to a newspapers title? I have been reading Henry Bradleys excellent, and once influential book  The Making of English.  Ive an inexpensive Dover edition, but it can be had, for free, online. Bradley notes how enriching the influence of other languages were upon English, a process that continues today. The very act of including new terms adds nuance, Bradley insists, and the pedantry that would bid us reject the word fittest to our purpose. . .ought to be strenuously rejected. In that spirit, carol has come to possess a singular use, giving us just the right term at just the correct time. Bradley refers to this process of narrowing meanings as specialization, whereby a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower sense. Something about the season of lengthening nights, then returning light, also brings out ancient words from many faiths, words perfectly suited to solemnity of long dark nights or the joy of celebrations. Some of us deck those halls and trim a tree without cutting it. I attend a Yule party every year, where we wassail the apple tree: drinking a toast while saying the old Wassail! Drink hale! from pre-Christian days. So hearken to these antique terms this holiday.   And may they be as bright as Scrooges, after he had some ghostly visitors. No humbug around here, please! We will ring in the New Year with a metaphor of the month, but until then, were away for the holidays. Please send us words and metaphors useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Image from  A Christmas Carol courtesy of Project Gutenberg. Read the  entire text there.

Sports - 1179 Words

Jordan Murry 4/24/14 Sociology of Sport 233- Final Paper Undefeated Sociological Analysis It is my honor to be doing my first submission of a topic based on the sociological aspects of the sports world in this month’s addition of Sports Illustrated. First off, let me start by saying â€Å"Undefeated† was an excellent film choice to look at from a sociological perspective. Not only does this film posses multiple theories and sociological concepts, but it also has real-life stories built into the film. The viewer almost feels a personal relationship with these characters by how detailed and up close the documentary is. The first theory that the film shows is the conflict theory. The Manassas High School football team is in†¦show more content†¦Bill Courtney will always be remembered as the man that got the Manassas Tigers out of their low class struggles. Even with low valued resources like football equipment and lack of players, coach Bill got the Tigers to their first playoff appearance in school history. He did this through compassion (at times to o much) and a fatherly guidance to all the young men on his football team. The film did an outstanding job at underlining the journey of three seniors on the Tigers football teams. These young men are O.C. Brown, Montrail ‘Money’ Brown, and Chavis Daniels. The second theory the film uses is functionalism. This theory is used by highlighting the lives of these three seniors, and how their homes (intuitions) and up bringing lead them to their respective paths in life. The film first touches on the story of Montrail Brown, and how the last words of his dying father was for him to pursue the highest level of education. This unfortunate experience at the age of 13 fueled Montrail to excel in the classroom. By Brown’s senior year he had earned a 3.8 GPA and his only goal was to get his football team to the playoffs and receive a college scholarship. At an undersized offensive lineman, ‘Money’ knew he would not be receiving an athletic scholarship but possibly an academic scholarship because of his academic success and serious financialShow MoreRelatedSports : Sports And Sports2137 Words   |  9 PagesEthics in Sports Sports in the twentieth first century has become an essential component of education. Recreational athletic activities have a great role in perfecting human spirit. Through the healthy competition sports influence the cultivation of will, perseverance, responsibility, ability to eliminate the inconvenience and many more. Moreover sport is a great tool which gathers people together towards the common objective, regardless of their nationality, race, religion or beliefs – both on theRead MoreSports And Its Impact On Sports Essay962 Words   |  4 Pagesother International sport competitions has catalyzed the sports scientists to take interest in exploring all the aspects and possibilities that can contribute to enhance sports performance to an greater heights. In sports primary motive is to win the game by following set of rules. By playing within these rules one s character is developed. What matters in the sports is how the player handles victory and how to handle the disappo intments that comes with the defeat. Although sports is not an art orRead MoreSports : Sports And Sports1092 Words   |  5 PagesSports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched their lives. Thousands of fans respondedRead MoreSports : Sports And Sporting Activities1568 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasis placed on sports and sporting activities. Every public school, middle and up, offers some sporting program, and most private schools do as well. The real issue at question is whether sports are affecting the education of students and young adults, who may have carried their sporting career into college. In general, people of all ages spend a lot of time both in person and on TV watching sports, not to mention those who are actively participating in the sporting event. With sports taking up mostRead MoreSports And Sports For Constructive Alternatives1011 Words   |  5 PagesThis March, the Center for Constructive Alternatives series dealt with the topic of Sport and Character. In today’s age, sport and sporting events have becom e pinnacles of American entertainment, money, and paparazzi. One is inundated with constant updates regarding football scores, feuds between athletes, and controversy over refereeing. With sport being such a focus in media and society, it often seems that sport and character are incompatible. Too often one sees an athlete get caught using illegalRead MoreSports Management : Sport Management816 Words   |  4 Pages Sport management Did you know that there is more to sports teams than just scoring goals, touchdowns and runs? Sport management is a field concerning the business and education part of sports and recreation. It includes the front office system in professional sports, college sports, and recreation. Some examples of sport managers are: recreational sport managers, sport marketing, event management, facility management, sport economics, sport finance and sport information. Sport management canRead MoreThe Impact Of Sports On Sports Industry950 Words   |  4 Pagesdefinition of sport industry; the sports industry is a market wherein the products manufactured and offered to its customers are sport, recreation and fitness related and may be activities, amenities or people. Sports we support, follow and play today are part of our day-to-day lives and we forget that over 250 years ago the sports established today did not yet exist and the few that did would be unappealing and unrecognisable to the sports fans of today. Looking back to the history of sports we see aRead MoreSports Media Changing the Sports Industry 648 Words   |  3 Pagesmoments, the impact ESPN has made on sports, sports media and the sports industry as a whole can’t be overlooked. On September 7th 1979 ESPN launched their flagship show, SportsCenter. This moment in sports media history was a game changer for the way fans consume sports. It is amazing that back in 1979, the concept of watching highlights and footage of games when they were happening or just completed was unfathomable for most people. The moment SportsCenter aired, sports marketing and media was alteredRead MoreHbo : Sports And Sports1118 Words   |  5 PagesDocumentary â€Å"Sport in America†. Sports fans have different reasons on why they have a passion for sports. Several fans can remember memorable events in sports history that touched their lives. Fans will laugh and cry when they watch the HBO Documentary â€Å"Sport in America† because they will hear incredible stories that will make them think about why they love sports. Sports Illustrated, Endgame entertainment, and HBO asked Americans why different games and memorable moments in sports touched theirRead MoreSports : The Negative Side Of Youth Sports903 Words   |  4 PagesMany people think that sports help children develop teamwork, self-confidence, moral character, and other personal strength but others see the negative side of youth sports, believing young athletes develop aggressive traits such as bullying and the need to dominate their opponents not just on but off the field as well. Youth sports have become far too intense, especially in contact sports. It is true that participation in youth athletics has a number of benefits such as the building self-confidence

A Case On Proactive Death Such As Physician Assisted Suicide

This essay will reveal different case studies on proactive death such as physician-assisted suicide, pro-life principles to natural death emphasis on life at conception and the circumstances under which proactive efforts are permissible. Physicians assisting in suicide deaths are not productive in this area because some not trained in this field of expertise. Moll assert, doctors, are of little help. They have no training in how to discuss end-of-life issues with families and patients, so they avoid the conversation and call on other staff trained in this area. (88) Moll also points out, people wants to be cared for, even if they do not want every possible procedure performed on them. (88) The best thing for people to do is discuss their end-of-life arrangements before major decision making is needed so the doctors, hospital staff and family members would not have to deal with the stress of this situation. According to Humphry physician-assisted suicide is giving a patient a legal drug to help them die. (2) When patients give up on life because of intense pain and not wanting their family to see them go through so much suffering, and lose hope in God, they turn to self-murder with assistance. Humphry also states, assisting in dying means being present during the happening and giving love and moral support to the act.(19) Christians whether relatives, church members or friends, use their faith and trust in God to comfort people in time of sorrow and grief. In spite ofShow MoreRelatedShould Abortion Be Legalized Active Euthanasia? Essay1649 Words   |  7 PagesPatients must then give two verbal requests to their physician no fewer than two weeks apart from one another. Then a patient must give a written order to the physician requesting euthanasia. After all of these steps have been completed, a patient may then receive euthanasia by receiving a lethal dose of medication. Because life and death hang in the balance, the right to die movement can provoke a variety of very strong emotions. As is the case with any topic, there are many differing views and opinionsRead MoreEssay on Euthanasia: Unethical And Immoral2106 Words   |  9 Pagesmedical condition, euthanasia should not be an end of life choice. But what is euthanasia or doctor-assisted suicide? Euthanasia is defined as the bringing about of a gentle and easy death for a person suffering from a painful incurable disease, while Suicide on the other hand, is the intentional killing of oneself. Doctor-assisted suicide combines both of these definitions with the idea of a physician helping a terminally ill patient to die. Doctors can perform euthanasia by giving a patient a lethalRead MoreDementia Patients Denied Rights1622 Words   |  7 Pagesdecade. Once diagnosed with dementia herself, Sheri was proactive and created an AD. She insisted that her caregivers withhold nutrition and hydration whe n her disease progressed to a certain point. Sheri’s dementia had eventually advanced to the point to which she needed total assistance with daily activities, such as eating. At this point, Janet, Sheri’s daughter and power of attorney, decided her mother’s current wishes were to hasten death. Janet instructed the nursing home abide by the conditionsRead MoreThe Controversial Medical Practices Of Euthanasia Essay1844 Words   |  8 Pagesact or practice of killing someone who is very sick or injured in order to prevent any more suffering† (Merriam-Webster). Although there is only one definition available for the medical practice, it has two different titles — euthanasia or assisted suicide. Although each one carries the same meaning, both make very different statements. This can lead some individuals to take sides based simply on their perception of the term. What may seem like a cut-and-dry argument, or a simple a yes or noRead MoreIs Privileges A Special Entitlement?1856 Words   |  8 Pagesthat over forty of those patients were given an overabundance amount of morphine prior to dying, seemingly euthanasia (Van Camp, 2014). Many viewed these findings to be that medical personnel had acted with intention to inflict death upon these patients; specifically a physician Anna Pou who was accused of homicide for four of the patients (Van Camp, 2014). There were arguments from both sides, one that it was pure murder not to be mistaken as euthanasia and the other side from Pou that she was not theRead MoreAn Ethical Framework Stand Point, Utilitarian s Would Argue For Non Voluntary Euthanasia1861 Words   |  8 Pagesbut also totaling the numbers in the population afflicted with dementia, â€Å"around 1% of the population receives support for dementia† (Sharp, 2012), so therefore the number of loved ones affected would be much higher , leading a utilitarian to choose death of the cognitively impaired individual rather than becoming such a burden. By sacrificing one cognitively impaired individual, there will result in greater overall good in the rest of the population in terms of financial and resources. One ethicalRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 Pagesand Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on Education and Labor, Ways and Means, Oversight and Government Reform, the Budget, Rules, Natural Resources, and the Judiciary, for a period to be subsequently determined by the Speaker, in each case for consideration of such provisions as fall within the jurisdiction of the committee concerned A BILL To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. 1 Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesRecession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 25 Case 1: Work/Life Balance at Baxter 25 Working with a Team: Understanding Diversity Issues 25 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Acting Ethically 26 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 26 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: Invasion of Privacy? 9 WORKPLACE ISSUES:Read MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 Pagesmobilization, the Contents proponent may modify chapters and policies contained in this regulation. Chapters 6 and 7 and appendixes E and F apply to Army National Guard Soldiers when on AD Title 10, for 30 days or more, and in all other cases, Army National Guard Soldiers are governed by NGR 600–21 and NGR 600–22. Portions of this regulation that prescribe specific conduct are punitive, and violations of these provisions may subject offenders to nonjudicial or judicial action underRead MoreA Picatrix Miscellany52019 Words   |  209 Pageseach planet has three decans, as though it were a sign of the zodiac, and one color and two talismans are attributed to every decan (pp. 147-151). The conclusion of the chapter and of Book II consists of an extract from a work on talismans by the physician alRazi, describing the constellations favorable to the manufacture of talismans for specific purposes (pp.151-52). The author gives the names of several books, among them the much-quoted Kità ¢b al-Baht, by Jà ¢bir, whose pupil he professes to be. Finally

The Causes And Effects Of Climate Change - 1690 Words

Introduction There are numerous debates about the pros and cons of climate change and what are the causes and effects of climate change. There are those who argue that the rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases in our environment are as a direct result of human activities. Some activities that are at the top of the list include but are not limited to the burning of fossil fuels, the cutting down of our forest, these activities are causing significant and increasingly severe climate changes which include global warming. Global warming results in a rise in the sea level, longer summers and more severe winters among other issues. Governments worldwide have come to some agreement that climate change affects every sector of life and that†¦show more content†¦Records of past sea-levels changes have also been used to ascertain knowledge and understand the dynamics of climate change. More recent data are provided by the instrumental record. General circulation models, based on the physica l sciences, are often used in theoretical approaches to match past climate data, make future projections, and link causes and effects in climate change. Climate change issues have been recognized by many different professional groups across the globe. According to researcher Richard S. J. Tol, Research Professor of Economic and Social Research Institute, Dublin, Ireland (2009) states that â€Å"Climate change is the mother of all externalities: larger, more complex, and more uncertain than any other environmental problem. The sources of greenhouse gas emissions are more diffuse than any other environmental problem. Every company, every farm, every household emits some greenhouse gases. The effects are similarly pervasive. Weather affects agriculture, energy use, health, and many aspects of nature—which in turn affects everything and everyone. The causes and consequences of climate change are very diverse, and those in low-income countries who contribute least to climate change are most vulnerable to its effects. Climate change is also a long-term problem. SomeShow MoreRelatedCause And Effect Of Climate Change Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesCause and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech my audience will know what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): How do you explain that 30 years ago we had a different weather than today? When you look at yourself in a dirty mirror; can you seeRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Climate Change1706 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the causes and effects of climate change. Present any solutions that are relevant to these issues. Probably the most anxious threat to our earth in these two decades is climate change. Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. In other saying, climate change includes major changes in temperature, precipitation, or wind patterns, among other effects, that occur over several decades or longer (Epa.gov, 2015). The rateRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects934 Words   |  4 Pages Climate Change Paper Kaitlyn Yinger 4-17-15 Erin Reese Biology 122: 10:30-12:45 Climate Change What really causes climate change? Is it human cause or is a natural process that is happening? I think that us as humans contribute more to climate change then natural causes. Human Causes Humans affect climate change in different ways, three main ways that humans caused climate change is deforestation, greenhouse gases and Agriculture. Deforestation causes change to the landscapeRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Climate Change1084 Words   |  5 PagesAs a result of climate change, natural disaster has increased extremely, especially droughts and floods around the world. In the past several years, it can be seen that various news concerned critical climate variability and extreme weather. For instance, the United States Department of Agriculture (2013) pointed out that the US agricultural land suffered from drought about 80 percent in 2012, while BBC (2015) reported that one of four districts in Myanmar, which were warned of flooding caused byRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Climate Change Essay1260 Words   |  6 PagesCommunication 11, Section D23 Informative Speech 14 November 2016 Causes and effects of Climate Change. General purpose: to inform. Specific purpose: After hearing my speech, my audience will know more what climate change is, what causes it and its effects now and in the future. Thesis Statement: Climate change is a very important issue that affects all of us, we need to know more about this issue. Organization pattern: Cause and effect. Introduction: I. (Attention-getter): When you look at yourselfRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1113 Words   |  5 Pages Climate Change: Causes and Effects Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Climate Change: Causes and Effects According to Adger (2010), the combined effect of climate change and limitations of resources is serving as a threat to the sustainability of the current social-economic systems and is poised to affect our way of life. Climatic change is more than global warming. The rise in temperatures is but part of the broader changes leading to extreme temperatures, drought, floodingRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1347 Words   |  6 Pagesdebated topic of climate change. Climate change is no myth; it’s a further analysis of how our planet is suffering the negative effects of human carelessness, which can be observed through the glaciers worldwide. Due to fossil fuel consumption and deforestation, greenhouse gasses are beyond regular amounts and affecting the glaciers, causing them to melt and increase ocean and sea levels. To further understand Climate Change, one must recognize what it is. When people ponder about climate, they thinkRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects1781 Words   |  8 PagesClimate change, either caused by humans, or naturally occurring, is beginning to affect several areas around the world and is causing human environmental insecurity in some already weakened states and regions. Climate change is defined simply as changes in the earth’s weather patterns. Change in climate becomes a security concern, for example, if decreased rainfall equates to decreased crop production in what was once a dependable food source that has now disappeared. The lack of this resourceRead MoreClimate Change : Causes And Effects Essay1856 Words   |  8 PagesClimate change: Climate change is caused mainly by increase of human activity and industrialisation. For example, activities such as driving cars, farming, burning coal and cutting down forests produce greenhouse gases – mainly carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide which are emitted into the atmosphere, which create a layer of greenhouse gases around the earth and trap the sun s heat. The earth over its 4.5 billion-year history has naturally fluctuated from ice ages to extreme droughts, howeverRead MoreClimate Change : Causes, Effects And Solutions1774 Words   |  8 Pageslately on the causes, effects and solutions of global climate change. Nearly every day, scientists and politicians speak about the subject, or we hear about it in the news media. On September 23, 2014, President Obama remarked at a U.N. Climate Change Summit that â€Å"-- there’s one issue that will define the contours of this century more dramatically than any other, and that is the urgent and growing threat of a changing climate† (The White House). The science of climate and climate change involves many

An Experiment in Edge Damage Essay Example For Students

An Experiment in Edge Damage Essay When a stone flake is used in specific applications, such as sawing or whittling, distinct wear patterns are formed. In addition, unique patterns are also formed by the surface on which the tool is used. Wood, meat, hide, and bone all leave dissimilar scars on a lithic device. Modern archaeologists have devised a method, called use-wear analysis, in which attributes from archaeological remains are compared to modern examples whose function is known. This allows archeologists to determine the function of a prehistoric tool by its wear patterns. The purpose of this experiment is to note the wear patterns caused by sawing wood, and to ultimately decide if use-wear analysis is indicative of the function of past tools. A small obsidian flake would be used in this experiment. It was approximately forty-eight millimeters long, thirty-four millimeters wide, and seven millimeters thick. From the ventral view, the left side was serrated. This seemed like the most appropriate side to use as a saw. A small round twig, a centimeter thick, from a local deciduous tree was used as the wood subject. The exact species of the tree is unknown; however, it was a very hard wood and a light brown/tan color. Initially, medium pressure was used on the flake and it was moved in bi-directional strokes across the stick. After about thirty strokes, the use edge angle prohibited the flake from cutting further in to the stick. The cut was roughly three millimeters deep and three quarters millimeters wide. It could be determined that a tool, in this particular shape, could not be used as an effective saw. However, use-wear patterns could still be inferred. The flake was moved to another portion of the stick and the same process was repeated. This time the cut was only about two millimeters deep, before termination. Also, small pieces of obsidian were left in the cut and many more small pieces were mixed with sawdust on the table. The flake seemed to be deteriorating quite quickly. In addition, the pressure required to make the second cut was far more than the force needed for the initial cut. The gradual increases in pressure continued in this manner until nine cuts were made. After this, the sa w had been dulled to the point of being ineffective. In all, the procedure required roughly four hundred strokes, and wore about four millimeters of the left side of the flake. The most prominent change to the flake occurred on the serrated edge. Not only had it lost nearly four millimeters, but also the serration was rounded and no longer sharp. Furthermore there were many places on the flake were fairly sizeable pieces had come off. This is not surprising because obsidian is known for being brittle. Many of the pieces had fallen off do to the heavy pressure the flake was enduring, and were not a result of the sawing itself. What was most interesting about the wear patterns in this activity, though, was the progress nature of the deterioration. After about the third cut, the serration was already dull. More cuts just dulled the flake more and contributed to its loss of mass. The overall damage to the flake throughout the experiment seemed pretty consistent. This was surprising, because as the experiment went on, more force was used to saw the wood, however the wear did not increase. This is most likely a result of the obsidian being thicker further from th e edge, and therefore more resilient to the pressure. As stated earlier, the thickness of the flake made it a poor saw, past a certain depth. A narrower blade would have done a better job. This flake was an expedient tool and had an informal design. Therefore it obviously could not perform the task as well as a formal tool. The physical dimensions of the flake prohibited alliteration of the shape, as far as thickness was concerned, and no sort of modification could make the tool work better. .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b , .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .postImageUrl , .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b , .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b:hover , .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b:visited , .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b:active { border:0!important; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b:active , .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueabe7a822e39d8226cadbc1f6567b69b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Emily Elizabeth Dickinson EssayAfter the post-use measurements and drawings were done, the flake was blunted by pushing it against a hard object. The purpose of this procedure was to see if there was a difference between the simple blunting of the flake, and the erosion do to sawing wood. The results were very clear. The blunting of the flake results in much different wear patterns than sawing. After sawing, the serration is rounded but still existent. Also the basic outline of the pre-use flake is preserved. Blunting eliminates the serration and smoothes out the flakes natural changes in width. There is a distinct difference in the wear patterns of sawing and blunting. Th e two would be hard to mix up. This experiment was a macroscopic experiment, however, and did not allow for microscopic analysis. Therefore, it was not unexpected that tiny cuts made by the wood could not be seen in the flakes utilized edge. Nevertheless, the macroscopic wear patterns on the flake are convincing of this one fact: Use wear analysis can be accurately used to infer the function of prehistoric tools. The unmistakable dulling of the serration and mass loss of the flake could not be confused with other activities. Whereas some activities such as whittling and scraping can produce similar wear patterns, this experiment has concluded that wear patterns resulting from sawing are strictly unique. However, the same cannot be said for the material on which the tool was used. It could be concluded that bone would leave similar wear patterns as wood on the flake. Perhaps, though, the bone would do it more quickly, in possibly two hundred strokes. In spite of this use wear analysis is still one of the foremost methods for determine the application of past tools, and with the right training, good archaeologists may find methods, perhaps microscopically, to learn on what material the tool was used and therefore transcend all limits of the experiment.